Overview Of Domestic Violence Criminology Essay

Overview Of Domestic Violence Criminology Essay Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, or intimate partner violence, is any threatening behaviour, violence, or abuse between adults who are or have been in a relationship (Saunders Barron, 2004). HM Prison Service has employed the following definition of DV: Actual, attempted, or threatened physical harm perpetrated by a man or woman against someone with whom he or she has, or has had, an intimate, sexual relationship (Kropp, Hart, Webster, Eaves, 1999). Psychological abuse has not been included in this definition because of the complexities surrounding this term. However, as other theories include this form of abuse, it will be discussed within this review. Domestic abuse accounts for 14% of all violent crimes and has more repeat victims than any other offence. Repeat victimisation accounts for two-thirds of domestic abuse incidents, and a fifth of victims have been abused on three occasions or more (Walker, Flatley, Kershaw, Moon, 2009). Spousal abuse takes place throughout society, regardless of gender, age, sexuality, race, location, or affluence; however, victims of domestic assault are more likely to be women (National Crime Victimization Survey, 2007). Children can also be severely affected by what they witness and often show the highest levels of behavioural and emotional disturbance (OKeefe, 1994). In addition, they may be accidentally injured due to being embroiled in the violence perpetrated towards their mother, they could be subjected to intentional abuse by the male perpetrator, or they may receive physical abuse from their over-stressed mother (Abrahams, 1994). Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between child abuse and DV, in that those who are abused as children are more likely to become perpetrators of abuse as adults (Walby Allen, 2004). DV can be psychological, physical, or sexual (Department of Health, 2005). Psychological abuse can include isolation from loved ones, blackmail of harm to others if they should convey contentment or self-sufficiency, humiliation, controlling what they can and cannot do, withholding information from them, restricting their finances and access to resources, or belittling them and making them feel embarrassed. Physical abuse involves contact with the intention of causing injury, pain, or intimidation (Shipway, 2004). Sexual abuse is prevalent in assaultive relationships with between a third and half of abused women being raped by their partners on at least one occasion (Myhill Allen, 2002). Sexual assault is considered to be any occasion during which force is used to acquire engagement in unwanted, degrading, or unsafe, sexual activity. Women who are assaulted both sexually and physically are also at increased risk of being seriously or fatally injured (Stark Flitcraft, 1996). Regardless of the form of abuse, it often occurs on more than one occasion. DV is generally a pattern of controlling and abusive behaviour, which a perpetrator uses to gain power over a partner (Walby, 2004). A range of studies, which follow, have examined the physical and emotional consequences of being subjected to abuse by an intimate partner. The female victims of male partner violence often experience psychological difficulties (Foa, Cascardi, Zoellner Feeny, 2000) including features of trauma (Kemp, Green, Hovanitz Rawlings, 1995). They struggle with issues such as self-esteem (Aguilar Nightingale, 1994), stress and depression (Campbell Lewandowski, 1997) and employment (National Research Council, 1996). Theories of DV There are numerous theories which attempt to explain DV. These are discussed below, along with an overview of the Healthy Relationships Programme (HRP) and its theoretical basis According to psychodynamic theory, due to an ordeal from childhood, or a personality disorder, some people are prone to violence. Therefore, their abusive behaviour is a symptom of a deep-seated psychological problem. Consequently, it claims that the issue of DV should be addressed by identifying the subconscious problem, then consciously remedying it (Saunders, 1996). Critics of psychodynamic theory argue that this simply allots a label to perpetrators of DV, which permits them to remain abusive until their emotional issues are managed (Healey, Smith OSullivan, 1998). According to Pro-Feminist theory, male to female DV is due to the patriarchal organisation of society where the male is viewed as the head of the family and other social institutions. As a result of this, perpetrators often believe that they are permitted to control the actions of their partner. Should their authority be threatened, they respond with violence in order to regain control, whilst holding the belief that their behaviour is warranted (Healey et al, 1998). Using data from the USA, Yllo and Straus (1990) examined the association between spousal abuse and patriarchy. They discovered that American states which gave women the highest and lowest standing in society had greater incidents of female intimate partner abuse. They claimed that states where females had high standing and spousal abuse figures were increased, was due to mens perception that their masculinity is threatened. Conversely, in states where women had low standing and spousal abuse figures were high, this was f elt to denote patriarchal norms. This theory has been criticised by Dutton (1994) for over-emphasising socio-cultural factors, whilst excluding individual factors. In addition, he argued that their explanation of DV was insufficient. Cognitive-behavioural theory proposes that DV is due to the re-enactment of abuse from childhood experiences or media influence, and that assaultive behaviour is rewarded. It further claims that through abuse, the perpetrator succeeds in obtaining what he wants, which is strengthened through acquiescence on the part of the victim (Hamill, Hayward, Wynn Craven, 1997). Family systems theory argues that behavioural problems derive from a dysfunctional family, where everybody is responsible for conflict. Consequently, DV is a result of intimate partners interacting together; therefore, neither is classed as the abuser, regardless of whether only one of them displays physical violence (Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy Sugarman, 1996). Both Pro-Feminist and Cognitive-Behavioural approaches criticise this approach by maintaining that DV does not involve joint responsibility, perpetrators are entirely responsible for their behaviour, victims are in no way to blame for the abuse they experience, and nobody provokes violence. They maintain that this approach encourages victim blaming (Browne, 1993). Disempowerment theory states that men who have low self-esteem or perceive themselves as being inadequate are at risk of using violence to assert power (Archer, 1994). Consequently, they redress this by attempting to control those they are threatened by (Gondolf, Fisher, Fisher McPherson, 1988). This theory states that individual traits, such as self esteem and psychological symptoms, increase risk of DV based on personality-oriented factors, such as attachment style. Family of origin factors, such as violence in the home and child abuse, occur during developmental years, and provide conflict resolution for the children as adults. Relationship characteristics, such as partner satisfaction and emotional dependency, can place a person at risk of being domestically abusive (McKenry, Serovich, Mason, Mosack, 2006). Attachment theory claims that DV is a result of anger due to desires that are not fulfilled. Bartholomew Horowitz (1991) developed a four-category model of attachment, which is now widely used in the research of domestic abuse. This includes a secure attachment style, displayed as an ease with independence and closeness; fearful, such as those who are socially avoidant; dismissing, those who rebuff attachment; and preoccupied, such as overly dependent and ambivalent types. Fearful and dismissing styles are typified by high attachment avoidance, or discomfort with intimacy associated with a negative other model. Preoccupied and fearful styles are typified by high attachment anxiety, or a fear of abandonment and rejection associated with a negative self model (Corcoran Mallinckrodt, 2000). The theory which underpins the HRP, Duttons (1995) nested ecological approach, incorporates varied aspects of abusive attitudes and behaviour. It explains DV as multi-determined, taking into account the interpersonal context and the characteristics of the abuser. Consequently, this then provides clinical direction to address DV. The model is composed of four levels which all have an effect on each other. The first is the culture, know as the Macrosystem beliefs which stem from ones culture, such as a womens place is in the home; second is the subculture, Exosystem surrounding social structures, such as the influence of peers; third is the family, Microsystem immediate environment, such as the issues that led to the abusive behaviour, and the effects of it; and finally, the individual, Ontogenetic level personal traits, such as learned habits. The Macrosystem incorporates societal and cultural values and beliefs and also has an influence on the Exosystem, Microsystem and Ontogenet ic level. Theories underpinning different offending behaviour programmes have received criticism for their uni-dimensional approach. Consequently, the nested ecological model addresses this by integrating the various facets of abusive attitudes and behaviour. The HRP is based on this model of change and includes elements from the Power and Control wheel (Pence Paymer, 1986), so that perpetrators abusive behaviours can be identified and challenged. The wheel demonstrates how violence is connected to male power and control. According to this model, the abuser maintains control over his partner through constant acts of coercion, intimidation and isolation interspersed with sporadic acts of violence (Healey et al, 1998). The nested ecological model also supports the cognitive-behavioural treatment approach to treatment (e.g., Andrews and Bonta, 1998). Evidence to support Duttons (1995) nested ecological model is provided by OLeary, Smith-Slep OLeary (2007) and Stith, Smith, Penn, Ward Tritt (2004) who revealed how numerous features of the different ecological levels function with each other to predict DV. OLeary et al stated that causal variables for male to female DV included the amount of social support the perpetrator felt they had, expression of anger, and being a witness to family violence. This study emphasises the importance of using an integrated approach from a range of viewpoints to research DV, in particular from ontogenetic and psychological perspectives. The Stith et al study reported that factors associated less with DV are those which are the furthest from the violent act, such as those linked to the exosystem. Conversely, when attempting to understand DV, the features that are most directly associated with the violent context and the individual are most significant. However, a limitation with this finding is that Stith et al did not consider issues that are relevant to the wider society and culture. A single-factor explanation of DV has been criticised for considering perpetrators to be an homogenous set of people and not taking into account the different individual features of the offenders and their use of violence (Graham-Kevan, 2007). Furthermore, it does not clarify why some men are abusive towards their partners, whilst others are not (Dutton, 1995). How the Healthy Relationships Programme addresses Domestic Violence The HRP is a cognitive behavioural intervention that targets moderate to high-risk adult male offenders of intimate partner violence or homicide. The High Intensity HRP has 10 modules containing 62 group sessions, with the option of adding more, and are delivered at a rate of 3-4 per week. There are also a minimum of 10 individual sessions throughout the programme. The goals of the HRP are to reduce the risk of physical and psychological abuse against intimate partners and their children by men who are currently imprisoned. Skills are taught to assist with this, and to establish healthy, non-abusive relationships. The programme deals with attitudes supportive of spousal assault, and provides group members with the skills to change the way in which they behave abusively in their intimate relationships. It is anticipated that the programme will tackle perpetrators with multiple criminogenic needs and a long-standing pattern of abusive behaviour. Both current and past partners of participants are contacted during the programme. They are cautioned that the perpetrators attendance is not an assurance that he will no longer be violent or abusive. Partners are advised of treatment resources available in their community, and offered a victims package to ensure safety. They are also provided with support and general information about domestic abuse.

Smartphones Effect on Teenagers

Josh Frint Lawrence ENG 1113 26 September 2012 Essay #1 Smartphones Impact on Todays students Today, smartphones are in the hands of almost every student. It has become so common that young children are starting to ask their parents for one. Although nobody can deny the ability to find and use information fast on a smartphone, many people feel students should not have one. These smartphones are effecting verbal communication, writing skills, as well as increasing laziness in our students. Verbal communication is increasingly becoming a problem in today’s society and it is because of smartphones.Our generation is known as the â€Å"texting generation†. These days, students talk to their friends using text messages or calling. This takes away our ability to talk to someone face to face. It affects college graduates not being confident enough to present themselves properly in an interview with a future employer. Texting interaction leaves out basic skills like, clear speak ing, body language, eye contact with the person to whom they are speaking too, and the ability to listen and stay focused on what the person is saying.More and more these days students go to their phones or computers when needing to write an essay. Students search Google and various other search engines to help find the most up to date information, although the information is handy and very tempting, it is creating pure laziness in todays society. These smartphones contain encyclopedias, dictionaries and as we all know, the internet. There is no exerted effort into collecting this information, students are too lazy to read a book and quite frankly, some just don’t have time.Also, students are being distracted by cellphones. It is causing lack of focus and discipline. Often times students will sit down to study and all of the sudden hear their phone go off, and they’ll get self-indulged into the conversation and no longer continue to study. Students are becoming unable to concentrate on the task at hand would rather be using their phones to be texting friends, updating their Facebook statuses or even Re-Tweeting what their best friend ate for dinner.Writing skills are on the free fall, and it is all because of our students’ use of smartphones. Think about it, back in the day, society would take pride in being able to read and write, it was a hobby and many people did it for fun. Today, writing is frowned upon by any student. Our writing skills have vanished due to our lack of proper English usage. Students send text messages that would even confuse Shakespeare like â€Å"OMG† or â€Å"LOL†. Essays are now a problem for students because they lack the ability to think in depth.Through text messages we get straight to the point and do not have the meaningful, in depth conversation that people have face to face. Smartphones are here, and aren’t going anywhere. In fact, the technology will likely become more advanced and mor e easily accessible to our students, which is fine, as long as those advancements aren’t being abused by our students. Parents and schools play a vital role in fixing this problem, parents must show children the appropriate use of smartphones, and schools must continue to create ways to move around the path of technology.

Borderline Personality Disorder in Girl Interrupted Essay

Borderline Personality Disorder in â€Å"Girl Interrupted† The movie, â€Å"Girl Interrupted,†is about a teenage girl named Susanna Kaysen who has been diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. People with Borderline Personality Disorder â€Å"are often emotionally unstable, impulsive, unpredictable, irritable, and anxious. They also are prone to boredom. Their behavior is similar to that of individuals with schizotypal personality disorder but they are not as consistently withdrawn and bizarre† (Santrock, 2003). In â€Å"Girl Interrupted† Susanna Kaysen the main character, goes through many episodes that give a picture of the disorder she’s suffering from. The first such incident occurs when the psychiatrist is talks to Susanna about her†¦show more content†¦While at the hospital, she had flashbacks of the whole ordeal, and her professor asking her to have sex with him again. She also had sex with a guy name Toby. She met Toby at a party and they had sex the same night. Than one day when Toby came to visit Susanna at the hospital, they had sex and then she tried to have sex with a guy name John who works at the hospital. At times she felt guilty and regretful. At the hospital she met a girl name Lisa who was a sociopath. Lisa was a trouble maker, on numerous occasions she escaped and came back. So one time Lisa and Susanna decided to escape and met a girl name Daisy, who was a former patient at the hospital. While at Daisy’s place, Lisa was blunt about what she thought of Daisy, which caused Daisy to commit suicide. Susanna felt, she could have possibly saved Daisy’s life, if she had stopped Lisa from criticizing Daisy’s way of living. She tried to blame her self for the Daisy’s death. Although Susanna was diagnosed with a disorder, one person who knew there was nothing wrong with her was the head nurse name Val. During a confrontation with Susanna Val said, there’s nothing wrong with you. However the problem was that she kept everything to her self. The doctors wanted her to open up, every time they asked her questions regarding her life, she kept everything to her self, or either she felt like she knew more than them. When Dr. Wick or Dr. Melvin did a check up on her she always mocked them, neverShow MoreRelated Borderline Personality Disorder Explored in Girl Interrupted903 Words   |  4 Pages Girl Interrupted is a 1999 film in which Susanna, a high school senior on the verge of graduating with her class in 1967, is rushed to the Emergency Room because she consumed a whole bottle of Aspirin, followed by a bottle of Vodka. After being treated, Susanna is seen by a friend of her fathers, who is a Psychiatrist who believes that her actions were an attempt at suicide. Susanna, of course denies this, instead stating that she was making an effort to rid herself of a headache. The PsychiatristRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder in Girl Interrupted by Sussana Keysen1965 Words   |  8 PagesGirl, Interrupted by Borderline Personality Disorder Girl, Interrupted, an autobiography, follows Sussanna Kaysen an eighteen year old girl who finds herself being escorted to a taxi and being sent to McLean Psychiatric Hospital in Massachusetts. Only after a brief twenty minute interview with a psychiatrist she had just met regarding her failing grades, depression, suicidal attempts as well as her inappropriate relationship with her high school english teacher, she was convinced thatRead MorePsychological Analysis of Girl Interupted Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: BPD in Girl Interrupted Borderline Personality Disorder in Girl Interrupted Girl Interrupted is a movie based on Susanna Kaysen’s novel, which was inspired by her stay in a mental institution in the 1960s. Incidentally the main character, played by Winona Ryder, is named Susanna. She is eighteen years old and begins the movie by reflecting back on the events leading up to her visit to the psychologist. She has just graduated from high school and other than being an aspiringRead MoreGirl, Interrupted - Personality Disorders892 Words   |  4 Pages Girl, Interrupted - Personality Disorders A Review of the Film Adaptation of the book by Susan Kaysen Brayant Luis Barett Psychology 101 Professor Economopoulos Girl, interrupted is the film adaptation of a book written by Susanna Kaysen. Kaysen conveyed licentious behavior as a teenager and was taken to the Claymore Mental Hospital to be examined. During her stay at Claymore, she became aquatinted with a number of girls she would not have met had it not been for the circumstancesRead MoreGirl, Interrupted By Susana Kaysen1114 Words   |  5 PagesSummary: The novel, Girl, Interrupted is a memoir of author Susana Kaysen’s life and her journey through early adulthood as she suffered with Borderline Personality Disorder. The novel captures her time at McLean Hospital, a psychiatric hospital located in Belmont, Massachusetts. Kaysen divides the novel into separate anecdotes of events and fellow patients she encountered during the two years she was admitted at Mclean. Kaysen was only eighteen-years-old on April 27, 1967 when she was first admittedRead MoreGirl Interrupted Essay example600 Words   |  3 PagesGirl, Interrupted Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious psychiatric illness. People that are diagnosed with this disorder suffer from an intense pattern of affective instability, extreme difficulties in interpersonal relationships, problems with behavioral or impulse control, and disrupted cognitive processes. The estimated prevalence of BPD in the general adult population is about 2%, mostly affecting young women. Susanna Kaysen was born on November 11, 1948 in Cambridge, MassachusettsRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder1206 Words   |  5 Pagesmovie, â€Å"Girl, Interrupted,† which was directed by James Mangold. The movie is based on the memoir by Susanna Kaysen. Susanna Kaysen was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and spent a period of eighteen months in a psychiatric facility. The movie is based in a mental hospital, in the east, during the 1960s. After the main character, Susanna, attempts suicide, she admits herself into a psychiatric hospital. It is here that she is diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. BorderlineRead MoreGirl Interrupted Film Analysis858 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: AN ANALYSIS OF GIRL, INTERRUPTED. 1 An Analysis of Girl, Interrupted Irvelt Nicolas And Alyssa Reilly College of Staten Island Read MoreThe Portrayal of Mental Illness in â€Å"Girl, Interrupted† Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesIllness in â€Å"Girl, Interrupted† The film â€Å"Girl, Interrupted† is a true story adapted from the original memoir by Susanna Kaysen. Set in the 1960s, it relates her experiences during her stay in a mental institution after being diagnosed with borderline personality disorder following a suicide attempt. Many films include characters with a mental illness; the actors who play these characters have the immense challenge of staying true to the illness they portray. The main character in â€Å"Girl, InterruptedRead MoreGirl, Interrupted by Susanna Kaysen1305 Words   |  6 Pagesthe greatest self-restraint that prosper in acting â€Å"normal†. This is achieved by thrusting the title of insanity onto others who may be unlike oneself, although in reality, are simply non-conforming, as opposed to insane. In Susanna Kaysen’s Girl, Interrupted, this fine line between sanity and insanity is explored to great lengths. Through the unveiling of Susanna’s past, the reasoning behind her commitment to McLean Hospital for the mentally ill, and varying definitions of the diagnosis that Susanna

Treatment Of Cancer Cancer - 1367 Words

Approach to Care: Cancer The diagnosis of cancer makes one to be depressed, lonely hopeless and helpless due to the fear of unknown. It is very difficult for one to understand the true nature of this disease as there is no definite cure. Anyone diagnosed with cancer need to be supported emotionally together with the family members. Treatment of cancer requires an extensive treatment, early detection is very useful in the management of a cancer patient. WHAT IS CANCER? Cancer consists of group of diseases that share common characteristics. The continuous division and proliferation of cancer cells to other parts of the body and tissues surrounding it is a common trait shared by all types of cancer. Cancer cells is made up of billions and billions cells which could state anywhere in the human body and spread to any other part of the body As new cells emerge, the old ones dies, this process allows the new ones to grow again to replace the old or dead cells. Cancer results due to the abnormality of the cells, these abnormal cells are known as malignant cells, and these abnormal cells grow and multiply in the human body uncontrollably. These cells grow as rapidly as they overgrow and destroy the normal cells and tissues, allowing more room for the malignant cells to grow. The cells continuously break off and migrate to other parts of the body with the use of human body and the lymph system. The cancer usually travel to the vital organs like the brain, b rain, lung, and the liver.Show MoreRelatedThe Treatment Of Cancer And Cancer2226 Words   |  9 PagesCancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Cancer can be classified as a typed of disease that causes an overgrowth of cells (1). The cancer cells begin to divide at an abnormal rate which can cause lumps or tumors. This disease is very widespread and includes over 100 different types. Some of the most common types of cancer include, Breast Cancer, Leukemia, Prostate Cancer, and Melanoma (2). Because this disease is so widespread and one of the leading causes of death, researchers areRead MoreCancer Treatments1280 Words   |  6 PagesCancer Treatments Theresa Nelson COM 156 04/13/2014 Dr. Patricia Lally Cancer Treatments In the past, just saying the word cancer usually meant a death sentence. That assumption could not be more wrong with the medical technology of today. New cancer treatment options coupled with early detection have strongly diminished the number of deaths from a cancer diagnosis. New evidence shows that treating not just the body but the mind and the soul can go a long way in the amount of time aRead MoreBreast Cancer And Cancer Treatment1253 Words   |  6 Pagesthe idea of a cancer makes people anxious and terrified. There are many different types of cancers, in which are not less dangerous then the other, if not caught on time. Although it is the year 2015 and there has been an extraordinary amount of medical advances in cancer treatment, there is still no cure. This leads to mysterious thoughts of cancer returning, to people all over the world. Cancer in the bones can play an enormous part in other body parts if not caught on time. Cancers such as breastRead MoreCancer Diagnosis And Treatment Of Cancer Essay1480 Words   |  6 PagesCancer is characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled cell growth, and it disrupts normal body function, as it increases energy demands and alters body systems. There are many factors that can lead to the development of cancers, including genetic, behavioral, and environmental influences. The presence of disease is not always obvious; therefore, it is imperative for individuals to participate in screening interventions to promote early detection. 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This kind of cancerous tumor is attacking breast tissue of woman. A disease in which abnormal cells in the breast divide and multiply in an uncontrolled fashion. The cells can invade nearby tissue and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to others part of the body and start to kill the organ one by one. By giving a breast cancer treatment will decrease the number of populationRead MoreComplications Of Cancer And Treatments996 Words   |  4 PagesComplications of Cancer and Available Treatments Cancer complications and treatments are dependent on patient’s health conditions and stage of the cancer. Common complications caused by cancer include pain, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, dyspnea (breathlessness), and metastasis (cancer that spreads) (Mayo Clinic - Complications, 2016). Pain is one of the main physical complications, as the nerves surrounding the tissues feel the pressure due to growing tumor. Pain medications and alternate therapiesRead MoreThe Detection And Treatment Of Cancer1554 Words   |  7 PagesHow is a greater understanding of genetics fuelling a change in our diagnosis and treatment of cancer? It is estimated by Cancer Research UK that one in two people in the UK will get cancer at some point in their lives . This startling statistic shows an inept global failure to bring about control of one of most prevalent and fatal known diseases. But the growth in cancer incidence is not confined to the UK; in 2012 14.1 million new people were diagnosed worldwide, with forty percent of these new

Institutionalized Ritual in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson

Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery, is a terrifying, tension filled masterpiece of an ancient human practice set present day America, 1948. Jackson’s dark, short story is about a rural farming village on the east coast, who, like other villages around them, conduct a yearly â€Å"lottery.† It begins in the town square in the month of June, where the schoolchildren are gathering stones while awaiting the arrival of their respective families. When the lottery is formally started, roll call is initiated followed by that particular person walking up to the â€Å"black box† and removing a slip of paper without looking at it. Once the names of all the villagers are called, everyone looks at their own slips of paper, even the woman and children. The villager with the black circle is the winner of that year’s lottery and as such, is chosen to die by stoning from the other villagers. It is important to note that The Lottery is written just after World War II, in the years following the holocaust. Jackson moves to reconstruct how Germans, at the time, were able to turn a blind eye and accept a barbaric act of purging their neighbors as a societal norm. The reaction to this short story made Shirley Jackson famous; she set off emotional waves coast to coast of hatred and denial in regards to the meaning of the text. Through a Marxism analysis, it is easier to understand how a society as a whole accepts an institutionalized ritual as a part of everyday life. Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery was publishedShow MoreRelatedThe Theme Of Luck In The Lottery And The Rocking Horse Winner1514 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Thesis Statement This paper will examine the theme of luck in both The Lottery and The Rocking Horse Winner and show how in both narratives good luck and bad luck are excuses for good and bad decisions. Outline Introduction The Theme of Luck How Both Stories Use the Theme of Luck to Unearth the Real Causes of Tragedy in Peoples Lives The Lottery and Institutionalized Stoning The Sinful Nature of Men The Inversion of the Golden Rule Mrs. Hutchinsons Death Whose Fault?

Cinderella Man Free Essays

I am James J. Braddock. They call me the Cinderella Man. We will write a custom essay sample on Cinderella Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now The archetype of all who followed. I was born and raised in New York’s infamous hell’s kitchen. I have always dreamt of defying insurmountable odds. Yet I haven’t always done it on the coliseum called Madison Square Garden just a couple of blocks here from West 48th street. My boxing career had its up’s and down’s. You might be thinking why I was raised in hell’s kitchen but my name doesn’t sound like an American. Yes, I am Irish yet my family wasn’t affluent just like most Irish immigrants in America. My parents weren’t capable of sending me in a catholic private school. Play football for Knute Rockne’s Fighting Irish of Notre Dame? Tough luck! The only way I would be admitted in that private school is to rob a bank. But that’s not the right way of doing things. That’s not the way I do things. I thrive in adversity. I didn’t earn my nickname for nothing. I earned my monicker the hard way, and believe me it was no fairy tale. From a poor local fighter in New York to the heavyweight champion of the world, do you think it was a fairy tale? I gave up boxing for quite some time. I had to. The crisis known as the Great Depression has engulfed and overwhelmed the country and its people. It was survival of the fittest and the removal of the unfit. I had to do a bevy of blue-collar jobs just to provide food on the table for my family. â€Å"Family comes first. Boxing can wait.† I said to myself. Yet I never stopped dreaming on how to return to boxing and realizing my dream. I always asked myself: how would someone like me perform a feat like that when people are overwhelmed by grief and sadness? America was bleak and desolate. Was I America? No. I am Braddock. James Braddock is from hell’s kitchen. One day, I had a chance to show the world what I can do inside the ring again. I was pitted with the ranked tow contender for they heavyweight champion of the world. I must admit, those sly promoters saw me as a mere punching bag just to get the show going. After a few minutes, the second best boxer in the world was kissing the floor of the ring, and I was standing there with my arms raised by the astounded referee while the amazed crowd threw a deafening set of applause. There was hope after all in this Great Depression. They gave me hope. I gave them hope as well. My Humble Beginnings When I reached 21 in 1926, I decided to turn pro. Ii wasn’t easy for a neophyte boxer like me. I had my first break in the light heavy weight division, and after a couple of wins and losses, I had the chance to fight the champ – Tommy Loughran. It didn’t go well for me. I was considered the underdog. Loughran pummelled me in a heartbreaking 15-round decision that ended with my defeat. The loss made me question myself. I drowned in depression because my right hand which I considered my bestfriend was severely fractured. And as if it couldn’t get any worse, America was on the verge of being defeated as well. In 1929, the stock market crashed and the world saw a dramatic economic downfall. A plethora of industries and its exportation of goods by countries were affected. Rural areas and the farming industry were hit hard. Cities like New York halted all construction and industrial business affairs were on the brink of massive employee lay-offs. The Big Apple was being rotten by the Great Depression (Estate of James J. Braddock, 2008) I didn’t let the Great Depression overwhelm me. I thought that one man can make a difference in this period of grief and despair. I had to pull myself and my family from being engulfed by this God-damned depression. I had to give up boxing and worked as a longshoreman. During my stint as a longshoreman, I developed increased strength on my left hand which I frequently use rather than my right hand. My right hand was my bestfriend, but my left hand was my pride. Like when I returned the money which we received from the government which was inspired by the Catholic Worker Movement to aid the homeless and starving at that time. Homeless? I returned the relief money to them. Call it whatever you want. Pride? Perhaps for you it was. But for me it was more than pride. If I received any monetary help from anyone without working for it, I considered myself a loser. In 1934, my luck changed and I had huge upset victories against Corn Griffin and John Henry Lewis. God was indeed good. This paved the way for my greatest bout ever. A match against the heavyweight champion of the world – Max Baer (Howard, 2005). My Sweetest Victory: Max Baer After I downed Griffin and Lewis in 1934, people began calling me the Cinderella Man. My huge comeback to boxing was much celebrated than any sports event in the country. On March 22, 1935, I had again the chance to redeem myself to the world. Art Lansky was supposed to have a title bout against world heavyweight champion Max Baer. Lansky was too clumsy to break his nose just before the bout. I was the replacement (Howard, 2005). Baer, from what I heard is brutal and relentless whether inside or outside the ring. The guy almost killed two of his opponents. Is he human? I kid myself. Baer already killed a man in the ring, by the name of Frankie Campbell. I didn’t believe he intended to kill Campbell though. I’ve always believe that all men who thrive in violence has always a hint of a funny bone in himself. Specially in this Great Depression, a joke can always command victory over a sea of tears. Before the fight, I overheard Baer’s handlers who boasted that they picked me to be the replacement because they thought I was a walk-in-the-park opponent for Baer. I was irked. â€Å"Braddock is no loser.† I told myself. I’m tired of losing. I had to fight like its breathing. I had to box for my family. I had to breathe for them. After this thought fuelled my enraged mind, I suddenly found myself inside the ring with Baer. Waiting for the bell to ring, I pondered on how I got here and remembered what I’m here for. â€Å"Ding!† The bell rang. It was the linchpin for this slugfest of two pugs. But it wasn’t a mere bout for me. It was redemption. We exchanged blows and traded punches. I retaliated with spirit. After a few minutes, I saw myself standing again. And Baer was kissing the ring pavement. I saw the millions of people giving me the applause I yearned for years. Then I realized this wasn’t my victory alone. This was America’s victory. I am the Cinderella Man.   The archetype of all who followed. References Howard,Ron.(2005). Cinderella Man. Estate of James J. Braddock. (2008). Biography of James J. Braddock. Retrieved February 10,2008, from http://www.jamesjbraddock.com/                                                                                                                                           How to cite Cinderella Man, Essay examples

Coca Cola - Business Corporate Governance Case Study

Question: Describe about the Business Corporate Governance for Coca Cola? Answer: Introduction: Coca Cola is providing its customer varieties of flavours with the position of number one and Fanta, sprite and Diet Coke at number three. Coca Cola also operates worlds most pervading distribution systems. More than 200 countries across the globe it offers nearly 400 products on beverage. Corporate governance refers to the method, processes and relation through which the corporate control their functions. It aims at identifying the allotment of rights and responsibilities amongst the different stature of the corporate level. They include the managers, creditors, shareholders, auditors etc. It includes objectives and plans through which the set goals are achieved. Governance includes policy making, taking actions and then evaluating the decisions and actions. Corporate governance practices are influenced when a need to align with the interest of the stakeholder arises. Company Background: The well-known Company Coca Cola is worlds most renowned and number one company for making soft drinks. Every dayCoca Cola sells 1.3 billion beverages. The red-white trade mark is the well-known brand symbol all over the world. Since the foundation of Coca Cola, its head quarter is in Atlanta. Coca Cola is providing its customer varieties of flavours with the position of number one and Fanta, sprite and Diet Coke at number three. Coca Cola also operates worlds most pervading distribution systems. More than 200 countries across the globe it offers nearly 400 products on beverage. There are sales about 70 percent, which are produced outside North-America. Revenues broke down as the under mentioned manner(Baye, 2000): Country Revenue Middle east, Europe and Eurasia Revenue of 31% Asia Revenue of 24 % North America Revenue of 30 % Latin America (included Mexico) Revenue of 10% Africa Revenue of 4% There are various products, such as carbonated beverage (Baraqs, Fresca, Cherry and vanilla cock); Sports drinks (Aquarius), juice drinks and Juices (e.g. Maaza, Bibo etc.); bottled waters , Teas, andCoffees. Even the company have the rights Dr. Pepper, crush brands and Canada dry outside the North America, Australia and Europe. Development of Coca Colas is credited to adeptness in four areas- Infrastructure, consumer marketing, Customer or vendor marketing and product packaging. Coca Cola did not become suddenly successful. During the first year existence of product, it made only $50 in sales. By 1891, Asa G. Candler, a successful druggistowned the whole enterprise. Candlerinfused the enterprise with an excellent business sense. Under Candlers valuable leadership, which lasted 26 year period, the coca cola brought up quickly. By 1905, the syrup was totally free form cocaine(Brownsell, 2011). There was a deal to conquest the Quaker Oats company for $15.75 billion, in November 2000. The shareholders of the company elect the Board and this election aims at the overall success and strengthening the financial growth of the company. All the decision related to the company are taken by the board. The board of directors have framed the guideline to effective governance. The Coca Cola is having it board, where it is having seven committees; they are known as- Compensation, audit, corporate governance and directors, finance, executive, management development, diversity review and public issues. The board can establish committees in additional according to the necessity(Colley, 2003). The board of directors elects one of boards members annually to serve as t boards chairman. The chairman should supervise all the meetings of the share owners and of the board. Chairman will perform other duties do some exercise of his powers, as prescribed in laws prescribed by the board in timely manner. Its corporate governance includes objectives and plans through which the set goals are achieved. Governance includes policy making, taking actions and then evaluating the decisions and actions. Corporate governance practices are influenced when a need to align with the interest of the stakeholder arises (Collier, 2014). Corporate Governance at Coca Cola: The Coca Cola Company is perpetrated to very good corporate governance. It promotes long-term interests of its shareholders; it braces board and management accountability and constructs the trust of the public on the company. The shareholders of the company elect the Board and this election aims at the overall success and strengthening the financial growth of the company. Board takes all the decisions related to the company. The board of directors have framed the guideline to effective governance(Daver and Demirel, 2012). Guiding Principles for Corporate Governance at Coca Cola: The board of the Coca Cola Company have adopted many guiding principles to make successful corporate governance these are(Investors et al., 2015): Mission of the board and the responsibilities lie upon the Directors: The shareholders elect board of directors and this election aims at the overall success and encouraging the financial strength of the organization. The board is responsible for taking all the strategic decisions of the company. The board do the selection of members of the senior management team who are responsible for carrying out the business of the company. The interest of the shareholders lies in the active judgement of the business activities, which would best serve all the functions of the company. The board give advices and guides the senior management and Chief Executive Officer. It safeguards the company assets; the sustainability of the internal and financial controls of the company is the prime focus of the board. In this regard the compliance to rules and regulation is mandatory. The directors of the company may seek help from the senior managers, advisors and auditors from outside. The selection of auditors and advisors from outside requires integrity and skills. The boar d has the right to select financial and legal advisors from outside as per the need of the Coca Cola Company. The directors need to attend all the meetings held by committees. The directors are mandated to devote their time and efforts for the fulfilment of their duties. The board is directed to hold 5 meeting in a year without fail. The chairperson of the board sets the agenda. The directors can contribute the inclusion of topics to be discussed. Such meetings are deemed to take place every year. In executive sessions of the board, non-management directors need to meet (Fritz, Kaestner and Bergmann, 2010). Leadership of the board: The board may alter the position of the executives after every financial year as per the needs of the business. The board considers relevant factors before doing so. A description of the board`s view for choosing its leadership structure is shown in the annual meeting of its share holders. At least there will be one executive session in order include a review of the boards leadership structure among the non-management directors to determine the post of the chairman of the board. chief executive officer elects the chair man of the board. The board of directors elects one of its members annually to serve as the chairman of the board. The chairman of the board needs supervise all the meetings of the share owners and of the board. Chairman will perform other duties do some exercise of his powers, as prescribed in laws prescribed by the board in timely manner(Fritz, Kaestner and Bergmann, 2010). There comes a belief that an independent directors needs to elect a independent lead director for one year. Though the lead director is annually elected in order to serve for one year, it may be expected to serve more than one year(Kaen, 2003). Qualificationsof Director: Directors can be nominatedby the share owners or by the boardas per the agreement by laws. The committee of corporate government and directors will make review over all nominees for board. They also include proposed nominees of share owners, in agreement with its charter. Assessment includes review of nominees independence, experience and understanding about the other industries and company and other such factors which are concluded by the committee are applicable as per the current needs of the board. There is a belief raised within the board, which allows determining to nominees are given invitation to join the board. Boards chairman may expand boards invitation to join the board (Kim and Nofsinger, 2007). Director tenure and term: In agreement with the laws, directors are chosen for one year. The board never believes about any limits established on the number of terms served by the director. The terms may impose the limitation, which causes the loss of expertise and experience vital for the board operation. Directors, who served on board for an expanded period of time can provide valuable deep view into the future and the operations related to the company based on their understanding and experience of the companys objections and history. Determination of independence: The board should consist of independent directors. To make the independent determination, the board will observe all the requirements which are applicable, the requirements include standards for the corporate governance listening, which is recognized by the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange). The board will consider all the related circumstances and facts to determine the independence carefully. Having consideration of the independent is the purpose of imposing standards on the director qualification, 1) it is needed to meet the standards of the bright-line independence under NYSE listening standards. 2) The board should positively determine that the director does not have other kind of material relationship with anything related to company, directly or being an officer, partner or as a share owner of an organization that have close attachment with the company(Lyu and Pae, 2003). Board committees: The board is having seven committees; they are known as- Compensation, audit, corporate governance and directors, finance, executive, management development, diversity review and public issues. The board can establish committees in additional according to the necessity. The Committee of corporate governance and directors annually reviews the present recommendation and composition of each of the standing committee for committee membership to the board as per the need. There are no existence of strict changes and committee rotation policy in committee assignments. The committee assignments are made upon the basic needs of the committee, experience, availability, director interest and applicable legal consideration and regulatory. There are the independent directors, who are solely responsible to serve the audit committee o corporate governance and directors(Mallath, 2006). Each one of the standing committees has a its own charter, which sets forward the committee responsibilities, the procedures and qualification and every time committee will report to board. Each of the community will evaluate itself annually. The chairman of those committees will settle on the frequency of the committee meetings, maintenance of the consistency with the need of the company and with the committees charter. Director can have access to the information, Employees and officers: Directors have free and full right to use details about employees, officers and the related files, books and the all individual records related to company. Any contact or meetings that the director wants to initialize may get arrangement through the secretary, director or by the chief executive officer. The directors need to use their judgement to ensure that there may not have any such contact troublemaking for companys operations. The Board wants regular attendance of the non-board members at board meetings, who are there in companys most senior management position. The chairman of the board can make extension on such invitations(Monks and Minow, 2004). Counting Education and director orientation: All the new directors need to participate in companys orientation program, which must be accomplished as soon as possible after the meeting, where election to chose new director takes place. This orientation includes presentation by senior management, so that he can do familiarization of companys strategic and business plans to newly appointed directors. Chairman and chief executive officers annual performance evaluation: The board will evaluate annually to make sure about the chief executive officer and chairman of the board is able toprovide the a good leadership to the company . The board will evaluate performance of the chair man and chief executive officer of the board in an executive session among the non-management directors. The lead independent director led all program. The compensation committee will do the measurement of the performances of the chairman and the chief executive officer according to their determined objective and goals to be achieved and also considers the evaluation of the board as a whole(Roberts, 2008). Successful outcome within Management: The board will determine the principles and policies to perform the chief executive officer selection and the policies regarding progression in the result of a retirement of a chief executive officer or of an emergency. The board will oversee the development of the senior management and progression planning for the senior positions, using the given input from the management development committee(SRENSEN and PETERSEN, 2012). Director compensation: The committee determines director compensation amount on the director and then recommendation is donewith the committee charter to the board as a whole. Thecorporate governancecommittee and the fees and the responsibilities of the director should take into consideration compared to the other corporation or to the company. Stock of the company is an key portion of director compensation. Board relations and interactions with the outside interested parties: There is a belief in the board that the management act as a speaker for the company. with the request of the management, board members can come for a meeting individually or communicate with various constituencies, which have kept involvement with the company. Where boards comments are appropriate, are normally come from the chairman(Tollison et al., 1993). Recommendation for the improvement: In this section an identification of those future challenges faced by Coca-Cola are explored. These challenges may impose negative impression on the market share and Coca-Colas long term profitability. Hence recommendations are here to turn the challenges into opportunities. Declination of sales volume in the sector of soft drink: William Pecoriello, who is analyst of beverage industry from Morgan Stanley and co., predicted the category of CSD (carbonated soft drink). Due to the CSD category, the present amount of teens are tends become the lost generation. According to his latest survey of 1, 550 consumers, consumers index lie between the ages of 16-35. According to his view the US Carbonated Soft Drink segment is more likely to stay under pressure. He mentioned a forecast for a declination of 1.5 % volume for the Carbonated Soft Drink segmentannually. In theCoca-Colas major market of US, CSDs volume sale of (Carbonated Soft Drink) dropped more than 8 percent in 5 subsequent years, from 2005- 2009, with 0.2 percent in 2005, 0.6 percent in 2006, 2.3 percent in 2007 and 2008 with 3 percent and 2009 with 2.1 percent. It is more likely the decreasingscenario of volume (Why Coca Cola has lost its fizz, 2006). If Coca-Cola keeps focusing on CSD sector competitively, it will deteriorate or Coca-Cola will lose the leader in market of beverage industry. Coca-Cola can bring its focus more on the noncarbonated drinks, bottled water (which are coming as product under coca cola now a day) and more especially the energy drinks. In the year of 2006, energy drinks increased its sell at rate of 50%. In the year of 2010, there was a growth of 10 percent on energy drinks. Healthy drinks and energy drinks will be the most popular beverage for the new generation of health conscious customer and young consumers(Yuvaraju, Subramanyam and Rao, 2014). Conclusion: Coca Cola did not become suddenly successful. During the first year existence of product, it made only $50 in sales. By 1891, Asa G. Candler, a successful druggist owned the whole enterprise. Candler infused the enterprise with an excellent business sense. Under Candlers valuable leadership, which lasted 26 year period, the coca cola brought up quickly. By 1905, the syrup was totally free form cocaine (Brownsell, 2011). The shareholders of the company elect the Board and this election aims at the overall success and strengthening the financial growth of the company. All the decision related to the company are taken by the board. The board of directors have framed the guideline to effective governance. References: Baye, M. (2000).Managerial economics business strategy. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Being delicious and being happy. (2006). Strategic Direction, 22(7), pp.27-29. Brownsell, A. (2011). Making Cokes brand fizz (Coca-Colas future marketing plans in the context of its 125th anniversary).Strategic Direction, 27(10). Colley, J. (2003). Corporate governance. New York: McGraw-Hill. Collier, K. (2014). A Case Study on Corporate Peace: The Coca-Cola Company: Coke Studio Pakistan. Business, Peace and Sustainable Development, 2014(2), pp.75-94. Collier, K. (2014). A Case Study on Corporate Peace: The Coca-Cola Company: Coke Studio Pakistan. Business, Peace and Sustainable Development, 2014(2), pp.75-94. Daver, F. and Demirel, B. (2012).An Energy Saving Approach in the Manufacture of Carbonated Soft Drink Bottles.Procedia Engineering, 49, pp.280-286. Fritz, K., Kaestner, M. and Bergmann, M. (2010). Coca-Cola Enterprises invests in on-boarding at the front lines to benefit the bottom line. Glob. Bus. Org. Exc., 29(4), pp.15-22. Ifc.org, (2015).About Corporate Governance. [online] Available at: https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/Topics_Ext_Content/IFC_External_Corporate_Site/Corporate+Governance [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Investors, Company, Page, Brands, Videos, Sustainability, Innovation, History, Music, Unbottled, 100, EKOCENTER, Africa, #cokestyle, Connections, Recipes, PlantBottle, Company, Company, Mission, V., System, Workplace, Rights, Leadership, Rankings, History, Reports, Foundation, Report, Investors, Investors, Review, Information, Information, Events, Information, Governance, Filings, Center, Center, Releases, Statements, Articles, Library, Library, Contacts, Careers, Careers, Are, Here, Opportunities, Areas, People, Us, Us, FAQs, Australia, Deutschland, Espaa, Italia, (Japan), and Franais, (2015). Corporate Governance - The Coca-Cola Company. [online] The Coca-Cola Company. Available at: https://www.coca-colacompany.com/investors/corporate-governance [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Kaen, F. (2003).A blueprint for corporate governance. New York: AMACOM. Kim, K. and Nofsinger, J. (2007).Corporate governance. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Lyu, M. and Pae, Y. (2003). Bottom design of carbonated soft drink poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottle to prevent solvent cracking. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 88(5), pp.1145-1152. Mallath, M. (2006). Re: Carbonated Soft Drink Consumption and Risk of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 98(9), pp.644-645. Monks, R. and Minow, N. (2004).Corporate governance. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub. Roberts, I. (2008). Corporate capture and Coca-Cola.The Lancet, 372(9654), pp.1934-1935. SRENSEN, N. and PETERSEN, K. (2012).Corporate Capitalism or Coca-Colonisation?Economic Interests, Cultural Concerns, Tax Policies and Coca-Cola in Denmark from 1945 to the Early 1960s.Contemporary European History, 21(04), pp.597-617. Tollison, R., Muris, T., Scheffman, D. and Spiller, P. (1993).Strategy, Structure, and Antitrust in the Carbonated Soft-Drink Industry.The Business History Review, 67(4), p.668. Veale, D. (1996). Mentoring and coaching as part of a human resource development strategy: an example at Coca Cola Foods. Leadership Org Development J, 17(3), pp.16-20. Why Coca Cola has lost its fizz. (2006). Strategic Direction, 22(1), pp.19-21. Yuvaraju, D., Subramanyam, D. and Rao, P. (2014). Advertising Strategy of Coca-Cola at Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt.Ltd. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(6), pp.122-131.